基于多维度感知风险的中国公众无偿献血意愿及影响因素分析

基于多维度感知风险,调查中国公众的献血意愿现状,探讨其影响因素,为无偿献血者招募与保留工作提供科学依据。本文从公众对献血行为、心理、情境、制度、偏见、服务、宣传七个维度的感知风险入手,在问卷调查与因素分析的基础上,基于实证分析,解释各种因素之间的相互关系,揭示不同特征中国公众献血意愿的差异,进而有针对性地制定无偿献血招募及保留措施,促进我国无偿献血事业可持续发展。     

Estimating the prevalence of low-lumbar spine bone mineral density in older men with or at risk for HIV infection using normal mixture models

Bone mineral density decreases naturally as we age because existing bone tissue is reabsorbed by the body faster than new bone tissue is synthesized. When this occurs, bones lose calcium and other minerals. What is normal bone mineral density for men 50 years and older? Suitable diagnostic cutoff values for men are less well defined than for women. In this paper, we propose using normal mixture models to estimate the prevalence of low-lumbar spine bone mineral density in men 50 years and older with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection when normal values of bone mineral density are not generally known. The Box–Cox power transformation is used to determine which transformation best suits normal mixture distributions. Parametric bootstrap tests are used to determine the number of mixture components and to determine whether the mixture components are homoscedastic or heteroscedastic.     

单位团体献血运作的过程与机制:以北京市T大学为个案

本文在中国社会结构转型和血液制度变迁的背景下,以T大学的一次“女生节”献血活动为关键案例,应用集体行动的有关理论,分析单位团体献血的运作过程和运作机制。本文认为自愿无偿献血的运作过程是一个意义框架建构和延伸的过程。无偿并非没有任何激励,只是淡化物质激励,更多地强调象征激励,即对符号、话语、意义、价值等的突出,这不仅表达了对献血者的尊重,也促进了献血框架的再生产。单位团体献血的有效运作有赖于单位内部的结构易得性,由于高校具有更强的结构易得性,自然成为团体献血的主体。     

HPLC测定氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ/氨麻苯美片中对乙酰氨基酚血药浓度

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ/氨麻苯美片中对乙酰氨基酚的血药浓度。方法血浆样品用6%高氯酸沉淀蛋白。色谱柱为Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18柱（150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）,流动相为0.02 mol·L-1甲酸铵溶液（含甲酸0.2%）-甲醇-乙腈（91∶4.5∶4.5）,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,紫外检测波长245 nm。结果血浆中内源性物质对样品测定无干扰。本方法线性范围为0.1～20 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 6),最低定量浓度为0.1 μg·mL-1,方法回收率为99.8%～101.5%,日内、日间RSD均小于12%。结论本法简便、准确,适用于对乙酰氨基酚药代动力学的研究。     

351例高龄老人高尿酸血症相关因素分析

目的探讨高龄老人血尿酸的变化及与血压、血脂的关系。方法选择351例2004年6月至2008年6月在我院住院的70岁以上高龄老年人为研究对象,以血尿酸≥416mmol／L为界限,大于该值为高尿酸血症,血胆固醇≥5．72mmol／L为高胆固醇血症,血甘油三酯≥1．71mmol/L为高甘油三酯血症。结果高尿酸血症者120例,占34．1％,（70—79）岁、（80—89）岁、〉190岁高尿酸血症者分别为28．7％、43．1％、66．7％（P〈0．05）,且随年龄增长血尿酸也呈增加趋势（P〈0．01）,高尿酸血症组的收缩压、甘油三酯明显高于尿酸正常组（均为P〈0．05）。结论老年人高尿酸血症发生率高,且随年龄增加高尿酸血症的患病率和血尿酸的值均增加,高龄老人高尿酸血症与血压、血脂明显相关。     

联合应用胸腺肽α1治疗老年患者医院获得性肺感染的疗效观察

目的评价胸腺肽α1在老年患者医院获得性感染治疗中的作用。方法对43例老年医院获得性肺感染患者分为抗菌素治疗组和抗菌素加胸腺肽α1治疗组,采用直接免疫荧光技术检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（CD＋3,CD＋4,CD＋8）的百分率。用酶联免疫吸附法测定IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α,并观察临床疗效。结果在胸腺肽治疗组,治疗后IL-2升高,CD3^＋,CD4^＋,CD4^＋/CD8^＋百分率均显著提高（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,TNF-α降低（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。对照组治疗后TNF-α下降（P〈0.05）,CD4^＋明显提高（P〈0.01）。治疗后比较,胸腺肽组CD4^＋百分率和CD＋4/CD8^＋明显高于对照组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。治疗组总有效率95.83%明显高于对照组的73.68%（P〈0.05）。结论胸腺肽α1提高了机体免疫功能,促进机体细胞产生各种淋巴因子,改善感染患者细胞因子和细胞免疫的失平衡,有助于感染的有效控制。     

Australian maternity healthcare professionals’ knowledge,attitudes and practices relevant to cord blood banking,donation and clamp timing: A cross-sectional survey

ProblemAustralian health professionals’ knowledge and attitudes towards third stage labour options of cord clamp timing, cord blood banking and donation and their practice of informing parents of these options is unknown.BackgroundParents have several options for the management of their infant’ cord blood during the third stage of labour. Early or deferred cord clamping practices may affect parent choices about physiological transfusion to the neonate and/or cord blood collection for private or public banking or donation.AimTo identify health professionals’ knowledge and attitudes towards third stage labour options of cord clamp timing, cord blood banking and donation and their practice of informing parents of these options.MethodsA total of 129 Australian maternity healthcare professionals responded to the self-administered survey between December 2017 and June 2018.FindingsOccupational differences were revealed in regard to cord clamp timing, cord blood banking and donation knowledge, attitudes and practices. Midwives were more likely to discuss cord clamp timing with parents and to clamp the cord later than obstetricians. Obstetricians were more knowledgeable of cord blood banking and donation options than midwives. Cord blood banking and donation options were discussed by both groups if parents asked.DiscussionIdentification of gaps in knowledge should guide future maternity health professional education that is inclusive of all third stage labour options to ensure that open discussion and informing parents of options is consistent, contemporary and evidence-based.ConclusionTo make informed decisions, parents need evidence-based information on all third stage labour options.     

Issues in the design and analysis of therapeutic trials in human immunodeficiency virus infection

The first randomized trial of antiviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease included 282 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex and was stopped in 1986 after an average follow-up of 4 months because of a substantial reduction in mortality in the group who received zidovudine (AZT). The era of anti-HIV treatment had begun. This paper discusses some of the difficulties which have emerged over the subsequent 10 years as new anti-HIV drugs have been developed requiring evaluation in clinical trials. The trials in which the British Medical Research Council has played a major role (the Concorde, Alpha and Delta trials) and some of the key trials conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) (the ACTG 019 and ACTG 175 trials) and the Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) (the CPCRA 007 trial) in the US will be used to illustrate some of the issues faced by clinical trialists and governmental regulatory agencies in the evaluation of therapies for a disease which, in spite of advances in therapy, still has a high mortality.     

Culture-based versus risk-based screening for the prevention of group B streptococcal disease in newborns: A review of national guidelines

BackgroundMaternal colonisation with group B streptococcus (GBS) is recognised as the most frequent cause of severe early onset infection in newborns. National and international guidelines outline two approaches to the prevention of early onset disease in the neonate: risk based management and antenatal culture-based screening. We undertook an analysis of existing national and international guidelines in relation to GBS in pregnancy using a standardised and validated instrument to highlight the different recommended approaches to care.MethodsEnglish language guidelines on the screening and management of GBS colonisation in pregnant women and the prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns were sought.ResultsFour guidelines met the inclusion criteria, one from the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Canada and New Zealand. All four were appraised as at a high standard in terms of development using the AGREE II tool. Both approaches were recommended in the guidelines with different regions of the world advocating different approaches often based on the same evidence. Guidelines from the USA recommend an antenatal culture-based approach while the UK guidelines recommend risk-based management.ConclusionBased on an AGREE II analysis, the standard of the guidelines was high despite having disparate recommendations. Both approaches to the prevention of early onset GBS infection in neonates are recommended with the split being geographically-based.     

采供血机构用血返还在无偿献血中的重要性及资料归档管理

公民参加无偿献血活动后,对其实施用血返还政策,是在法律上体现对献血者的行为和利益给予的保障,也鼓励着越来越多的健康公民加入无偿献血行列。实现献血者无论在国内任一城市献血后,都可以选择在任一家血站就近一次性办理完结报销手续的服务流程,是我们今后努力的方向。